Ansiedad precompetitiva y habilidades psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo / Precompetitive anxiety and psychological skills in sports performance

Antecedentes: la vinculación entre el estrés, la ansiedad y el rendimiento deportivo constituye un relevante tema de interés en el área de la psicología deportiva, si bien existe poca evidencia acerca de cómo diferentes variables pueden afectar a los niveles de ansiedad y así alterar el rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: comparar las relaciones existentes entre las características psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo y ansiedad precompetitiva en una muestra de deportistas federados y no federados que difieren en sexo, edad y deporte practicado. Método: en este estudio han participado 202 deportistas con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 30 años (X = 22,35; DT = 3,69) que practican fútbol, baloncesto, atletismo y/o natación. Resultados: se ha encontrado que existe relación entre las habilidades psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo y la ansiedad precompetitiva. Asimismo, se ha hallado que solo existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la ansiedad somática dependiendo de si el deporte practicado es individual o grupal, así como diferencias en los niveles de ansiedad precompetitiva según el sexo, si bien no hay relación diferencial en los niveles de ansiedad respecto a la edad. Conclusiones: a través de este estudio se ha pretendido aportar más evidencia empírica al ámbito de la psicología deportiva y se valoran sus beneficios.(AU)

Introduction: The link between stress, anxiety and sports performance is a relevant topic of interest in the area of sports psychology, although there is little evidence about how different variables can affect anxiety levels and thus alter sports performance. Objective: Compare the relationships between psychological characteristics related to sports performance and pre-competitive anxiety in a sample of federated and non-federated athletes differing in sex, age and sport practiced. Method: 202 sportsmen and women aged between 18 and 30 years (X = 22.35; SD = 3.69) who play football, basketball, athletics and/or swimming participated. Results: it was found that there is a relationship between psychological skills related to sports performance and pre-competitive anxiety. Likewise, it was found that there are only statistically significant differences in somatic anxiety depending on whether the sport practised is individual or group, as well as differences in the levels of pre-competitive anxiety by gender, although there is no differential relationship in the levels of anxiety with respect to age. Conclusions: the aim of this study is to provide more empirical evidence to the field of sport psychology and to assess its benefits.(AU)

Percepciones de atletas de slackline en relación con los efectos en el entrenamiento y calidad de vida en situación de covid-19 / Perceptions of Slackline Athletes in Relation to Effects onTraining and Quality of Life in a COVID-19

Resumen La pandemia generada por el COVID-19 se ha convertido en un desafío para atletas de la mayoría de las disciplinas. La incertidumbre frente al contagio ha repercutido física y psicológicamente, y ha provocado un deterioro de la calidad de vida no solo en quienes han contraído la enfermedad sino también en quienes han tenido que vivir el confinamiento. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer las percepciones de atletas de Slackline respecto a los efectos en los entrenamientos y calidad de vida derivados de dicha situación. La investigación se sustenta en un método cuantitativo exploratorio-descriptivo de corte transversal; el instrumento utilizado fue una encuesta autoaplicada con tres dimensiones la cual fue contestada correctamente por 229 personas de 28 países, 176 hombres (15 - 57 años) y 51 mujeres (20 - 43 años), pertenecientes a Europa, América, Asia y Oceanía. Los resultados arrojan que el 97,8% señala haber perdido la motivación, el 60,2% declara tener malas condiciones de infraestructura o poco acceso a sus lugares de entrenamiento, el 65,5% tiene inconvenientes económicos y el 88,2% ha presentado problemas de salud: se destaca que el 10% de las personas encuestadas han sido diagnosticado con COVID-19 positivo. Se concluye que el confinamiento y situación de pandemia han creado un ambiente desfavorable para los atletas y las atletas de Slackline debido a las complicaciones para realizar sus entrenamientos dada la ausencia de acceso a espacios públicos, desmotivación, pérdida de capacidad física y aumento de lesiones.

Abstract The COVID-19 disease is an emerging pandemic challenge, which has physical and psychological repercussions, deteriorating the quality of life in those who have been infected and, in turn, in those who have had to live in confinement. The objective of this study is to know the perceptions of Slackline athletes regarding the effects on training and quality of life derived from the COVID-19 situation. The research is based on a cross-sectional exploratory-descriptive quantitative method. The instrument used was a self-applied survey with three dimensions; 229 people from 28 countries correctly answered it, 176 men (15 - 57 years) and 51 women (20 - 43 years), belonging to Europe, America, Asia, and Oceania. The results show that 97.8% say they have lost motivation, 60.2% declare they have poor infrastructure conditions and / or little access to their training places, 65.5% have financial problems, and 88.2 % have presented health problems, highlighting that 10% of those surveyed have been diagnosed with positive COVID-19. It is concluded that the confinement and pandemic situation has created an unfavorable environment for Slackline athletes due to the complications to carry out their training sessions, lack of access to public spaces, demotivation, loss of physical capacity, and increase in injuries.

Resumo A COVID-19 é um desafio pandêmico emergente, que tem repercussões físicas e psicológicas, prejudicando a qualidade de vida daqueles que foram infectados e daqueles que tiveram que viver em confinamento. O objetivo deste estudo é descobrir as percepções dos atletas de slackline sobre os efeitos no treinamento e na qualidade de vida derivados da situação da COVID-19. A pesquisa é baseada em um método transversal exploratório-descritivo quantitativo, o instrumento utilizado foi uma pesquisa auto-administrada com três dimensões que foi respondida corretamente por 229 pessoas de 28 países, 176 homens (15 - 57 anos) e 51 mulheres (20 - 43 anos), pertencentes à Europa, América, Ásia e Oceania. Os resultados mostram que 97,8% relataram uma perda de motivação, 60,2% relataram más condições de infraestrutura e/ou mau acesso a seus locais de treinamento, 65,5% tiveram problemas financeiros e 88,2% tiveram problemas de saúde, com 10% dos entrevistados sendo diagnosticados com COVID-19 positivos. Conclui-se que a situação de confinamento e pandemia criou um ambiente desfavorável para os atletas da Slackline devido a complicações no treinamento, falta de acesso aos espaços públicos, falta de motivação, perda de capacidade física e um aumento de lesões.

Research on Improving the Psychological Adaptability of Sports Athletes in the Process of Track and Field Training / Investigación sobre la Mejora de la Adaptabilidad Psicológica de los Atletas Deportivos en el Proceso de Entrenamiento de Pista y Campo

After conducting in-depth research on a huge number of runners, we could determine the direct relationship between the psychological qualities of athletes and the aspects that influence the good performance of track and field events. After extensive research on a large number of runners, we did the mathematical-statistical analysis and then applied a body shape index to the data of many athletes. The ratio of the athlete's lower body length to height and activity may be determined by examining the specific lower body length index. This model determines the relationship between the athlete's body size, physical function, mental quality, and other indications. The study determined that psychological training is essential to athletic training. Male athletes possess superior psychological qualities over their female counterparts. The association between paranoid factors and sports performance is weakly positive. Each category and the total mental health score were weakly linked with athletic performance. In terms of psychological quality, men's desire to win is somewhat greater than women's, and men's will be slightly lower than women's. Performance goals have a substantial effect on the mental health and athletic performance of athletes.(AU)

Surmising synchrony of sound and sight: Factors explaining variance of audiovisual integration in hurdling, tap dancing and drumming.

Auditory and visual percepts are integrated even when they are not perfectly temporally aligned with each other, especially when the visual signal precedes the auditory signal. This window of temporal integration for asynchronous audiovisual stimuli is relatively well examined in the case of speech, while other natural action-induced sounds have been widely neglected. Here, we studied the detection of audiovisual asynchrony in three different whole-body actions with natural action-induced sounds-hurdling, tap dancing and drumming. In Study 1, we examined whether audiovisual asynchrony detection, assessed by a simultaneity judgment task, differs as a function of sound production intentionality. Based on previous findings, we expected that auditory and visual signals should be integrated over a wider temporal window for actions creating sounds intentionally (tap dancing), compared to actions creating sounds incidentally (hurdling). While percentages of perceived synchrony differed in the expected way, we identified two further factors, namely high event density and low rhythmicity, to induce higher synchrony ratings as well. Therefore, we systematically varied event density and rhythmicity in Study 2, this time using drumming stimuli to exert full control over these variables, and the same simultaneity judgment tasks. Results suggest that high event density leads to a bias to integrate rather than segregate auditory and visual signals, even at relatively large asynchronies. Rhythmicity had a similar, albeit weaker effect, when event density was low. Our findings demonstrate that shorter asynchronies and visual-first asynchronies lead to higher synchrony ratings of whole-body action, pointing to clear parallels with audiovisual integration in speech perception. Overconfidence in the naturally expected, that is, synchrony of sound and sight, was stronger for intentional (vs. incidental) sound production and for movements with high (vs. low) rhythmicity, presumably because both encourage predictive processes. In contrast, high event density appears to increase synchronicity judgments simply because it makes the detection of audiovisual asynchrony more difficult. More studies using real-life audiovisual stimuli with varying event densities and rhythmicities are needed to fully uncover the general mechanisms of audiovisual integration.

Changes in performances/characteristics of French female runners over the last 12 years.

This study investigated the changes in performance of five official track running distances (800m, 1500m, 3000m, 5000m and 10,000m) and the characteristics of French female runners between 2005 and 2016. 22,839 official track performances were scrutinized. For each performance, the race time, the indication of personal record, age, and performance level were recorded. The main results showed that: (1) the number of French track performances has increased in recent years (except for the 10,000m) and the level of these performances has improved significantly only for the longer distances (5000 and 10,000m), (2) the longest distances were generally performed by older athletes, and (3) the highest percentage of international athletes was for the 10,000m event. These findings may be explained by: (1) the development plan put into place by the Fédération France d'Athlétisme, (2) age-dependent physiological and psychological factors and environmental conditions, and (3) the minima to access the international level.

Suicidal thoughts (ideation) among elite athletics (track and field) athletes: associations with sports participation, psychological resourcefulness and having been a victim of sexual and/or physical abuse.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between suicidal ideation and sexual and physical abuse among active and recently retired elite athletics (track and field) athletes. METHODS: The study population consisted of all athletes (n=402) selected for a Swedish Athletics team between 2011 and 2017. Data on suicidal ideation, suicidal events (estimated through the 1 year non-sports injury prevalence), lifetime abuse experiences, sociodemographics, sense of coherence and coping strategies were collected using a cross-sectional survey. The data were analysed using binary logistic regression with suicidal ideation and non-sports injury as outcomes. RESULTS: 192 athletes (47.8%) returned data. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 15.6% (men 17.4%; women 14.2%) and the non-sports injury prevalence was 8.0% (men 11.6%; women 5.7%). Among women, suicidal ideation was associated with having been sexually abused (OR 5.94, 95% CI 1.42 to 24.90; p=0.015) and lower sense of coherence (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.96; p=0.001) (Nagelkerke R2=0.33). Among men, suicidal ideation was only associated with use of behavioural disengagement for coping (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.95; p=0.001) (R2 =0.25). Among women, non-sports injury prevalence was associated with having been sexually abused (OR 8.61, 95% CI 1.34 to 55.1; p=0.023) and participating in an endurance event (OR 7.37, 95% CI 1.11 to 48.9; p=0.039 (R2 =0.23), while among men, having immigrant parents (OR 5.67, 95% CI 1.31 to 24.5; p=0.020) (R2 =0.11) was associated with injury outside sports. CONCLUSIONS: About one out of six international athletics athletes reported having experienced suicidal ideation. World Athletics and National Olympic Committees need to include suicide prevention in their athlete protection programmes.

Impact of the talent development environment on the wellbeing and burnout of Caribbean youth track and field athletes.

This study examined the perceived talent development environment (TDE) of youth track and field athletes within the Caribbean region and explores the relationship with their subjective wellbeing and burnout levels. A sample of 400 Caribbean youth track and field athletes (male = 198, and female = 202; age 13-20 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Athletes responded to a survey which included the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDEQ-5), the World Health Organization Wellbeing Index (WHO-5) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Structural equation modelling showed that a positive and supportive TDE was associated with better athlete wellbeing and lower athlete burnout. Moreover, gender and hours of training moderated relationships of athletes' perceptions of their development environment with wellbeing and burnout levels respectively. Furthermore, there was a positive association between the support network and athlete wellbeing, while holistic quality preparation was negatively associated with athlete burnout. Development environments perceived as supportive and geared towards a holistic athlete-centred approach were associated with better athlete wellbeing and lower burnout.

Non-linear association of efficiency of practice of adult elite athletes with their youth multi-sport practice.

We explored associations of elite athletes' multi-year efficiency of practice and improvement of performance with their current and earlier participation patterns. Participants were 80 adult German track-and-field national-squad athletes. Performance improvement was measured as development of athletes' highest track-and-field championship level and placing from 19 to 25 years (t1-t2). Practice efficiency was defined as performance improvement per amount of coach-led athletics practice from t1 to t2. Participation variables included amounts of coach-led practice and peer-led play in athletics and other sports through t1 and t1-t2. Analyses involved an advanced machine learning procedure, XGBoost, allowing non-linear, multivariate exploration. We computed two models, one for performance improvement ("good" discriminative performance, AUC = 0.82) and one for practice efficiency ("fair", AUC = 0.73). Four central findings emerged: 1. Childhood/adolescent coach-led multi-sport practice was a critical discriminator of adult practice efficiency and performance improvement. 2. Associations were non-linear, displaying a saturation pattern. 3. The likelihood of achieving high adult practice efficiency was greatest when combining ~1,000-2,500 track-and-field practice hours until t1 with ~1,250 other-sports practice hours until t1. 4. Peer-led engagement in any sport had negligible effects. Childhood/adolescent multi-sport coach-led practice apparently facilitated long-term sustainability of athletes' development of adult practice efficiency and performance improvement in athletics.

Elite athletes' experiences of musculoskeletal pain management using neuroanatomical dry needling: A qualitative study in Swedish track and field.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate how elite track and field athletes with a history of musculoskeletal pain (MSKP) describe their perceptions of clinical treatments based on dry needling guided by a neurological map (neuroanatomical dry needling (naDN)). DESIGN: Qualitative study. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with eight elite Swedish track and field athletes (6 males, 2 females, median age 28.5) treated at a clinic specialised in MSKP management. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were structured and analysed using a thematic method. RESULTS: The athletes approached clinical MSKP treatment from a performance-orientated perspective. They explained that they inevitably suffered MSKP episodes due to the intense physical demands of their sport. The use of naDN was considered an integral part of their sports practice and the study clinic's services were readily utilised when MSKP caused minor reductions in physical capacity. The athletes appreciated an unambiguous anatomical diagnosis, preferably supported by imaging scans, as this increased their confidence in clinical services. They valued the naDN treatment as it was perceived to provide fast-acting analgesia that enabled rapid return-to-play. These factors combined to reduce performance-related stress. CONCLUSIONS: Elite track and field athletes with a history of MSKP sought and appreciated clinical treatment with naDN largely because it provided fast-acting analgesia that enabled rapid return-to-play at a high-performance level. These athletes' expectations of MSKP diagnosis and management appear incongruent with current research indicating that MSKP sensitivity within the nervous system does not accurately reflect musculoskeletal tissue state or recovery following tissue damage.

Street Workout: perfil psicosocial de sus practicantes / Street Workout: Psychosocial Profile of Its Practitioners

La presente investigación estudia las principales características psicológicas de los practicantes de Street Workout, una modalidad deportiva emergente y en auge en los últimos años. A través de un estudio descriptivo-correlacional, con una muestra de 107 practicantes de España, se elaboró un estudio piloto del perfil psicosocial que incluye la evaluación de los motivos de práctica, la satisfacción muscular, la cohesión y el bienestar psicológico; además de una comparación en función de si compiten. Los resultados señalan que es un deporte practicado mayoritariamente por hombres menores de 23 años, cuya principal motivación es hallar un equilibrio entre la preocupación por la salud y su aspecto físico. Los niveles en cohesión y bienestar psicológico son altos, y bajos en cuatro de las cinco dimensiones de la satisfacción muscular. Por consiguiente, los datos de esta primera aproximación apoyan una visión positiva de las características psicológicas de los practicantes de Street Workout de la muestra

This research studies the main psychological characteristics of Street Workout practitioners, an emerging and booming sports modality in recent years. Through a descriptive and correlational study, with a sample of 116 practitioners from Spain, a psycho social profile was developed and includes the evaluation of the reasons for the practice, muscle appearance satisfaction, the cohesion and the psychological well-being; in addition, includes a comparison based on whether they compete. The results suggest that it is a male-dominated sport, all under 23 years old, whose main motivation is to find a balance between the concern about the health and their physical appearance. The levels of cohesion and psychological well-being are high, and low in four of the five dimensions of muscle satisfaction. Therefore, the data from this first approach support a positive view of the psychological characteristics of Street Workout practitioners and its practice

Construct validity and reliability of the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire in Caribbean youth track and field athletes.

Caribbean nations stand to benefit significantly from the potential insights that can be gained from the assessment of their athlete talent development environments; which in turn can lead to the formulation of evidence-based strategies and improvements to their sport development pathways. The principal aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the 25-item TDEQ-5 to determine its validity to assess the development environments of talented youth track and field athletes from six English-speaking Caribbean countries. As a secondary aim, we sought to examine athletes' perceptions of their talent development environment within this context. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed adequate model fit of a re-specified model and good overall internal reliability of the scale, therefore offering support for its use within this context. Furthermore, adequate construct validity and internal reliability was found within three subscales (i.e., communication, holistic quality preparation and support network) with subpar scores within two subscales (i.e., long-term development focus and alignment of expectations). Preliminary findings on athletes' perceptions of their environment revealed key strengths in coaches' long-term development focus and communication, however deficiencies were noted in the accessibility and availability of sport-related support and preparation of athletes. In conclusion, the re-specified TDEQ-5 with 25 items appears to be a reliable and valid measure within the Caribbean context. However, it is recommended that the scale be used with some caution with regard to the interpretation of results for the 'long-term development focus' and 'alignment of expectations' subscales.

Factors Influencing the Early Development of World-Class Caribbean Track and Field Athletes: A Qualitative Investigation.

This qualitative investigation sought to explore through a socio-cultural lens the perceived early training and competition environment, and support network of world-class Caribbean track and field athletes and the influence on their sport engagement and progression during early childhood and adolescence. Sixteen world-class track and field athletes (8 males and 8 females; M age = 29, SD = 5 years) from 6 English-speaking Caribbean islands took part in semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis was performed on the transcribed data. Three superordinate themes were identified as key factors that influenced the early sporting development of world-class Caribbean athletes: (1) conducive sporting environment, (2) functional social support network, and (3) key organizational input. Findings revealed that perceived high levels of deliberate play activity in childhood (6 - 12 years) and an intense track and field competition culture in adolescence (13 - 20 years) were conducive to the continued engagement and progression of world-class Caribbean track and field athletes at the junior level. Furthermore, world-class athletes perceived themselves to be positively influenced by the support received from their immediate social support network and key organizations during this period. This study showed that a conducive sporting environment coupled with optimal social and organizational support may have encouraged world-class Caribbean athletes to remain engaged in track and field and to successfully progress within the sport at the junior level. Findings shed light on the sporting culture at the junior level within the Caribbean region and provide insight into key environmental factors that can influence and foster the development of future World Champions and Olympians.

Vulnerabilidad psicológica a la lesión. Perfiles según la modalidad deportiva / Psychological vulnerability to injury. Profiles depending on sporting modality

En el ámbito deportivo competitivo se hace necesaria la creación de un perfil de "riesgo a la lesión" útil y eficaz que permita elaborar programas específicos de intervención. En este estudio se planteó como objetivo relacionar el número de lesiones deportivas (gravedad de lesión) con los diferentes grados de vulnerabilidad a la lesión de los deportistas (vulnerabilidad alta, media y baja), atendiendo a la modalidad deportiva bajo la diferenciación entre deporte de oposición o individual (deportistas federados de atletismo, natación y tenis) y deporte de oposición-cooperación de contacto o deporte colectivo (deportistas federados de fútbol, baloncesto y balonmano).La muestra total del estudio fue de 452 deportistas individuales y colectivos (284 hombres y 168 mujeres). Para la evaluación de las variables psicológicas se utilizó la Escala de Personalidad Resistente, el SCAT y la Escala de Competitividad-10. Se realizó un análisis de conglomerados y se obtuvieron 3 perfiles de vulnerabilidad a la lesión, estableciéndose un perfil de vulnera-bilidad alta que confirmaba la hipótesis (aumenta la vulnerabilidad a la lesión a menor personalidad resistente y motivación orientada al éxito y a mayor ansiedad competitiva y motivación orientada a evitar el fracaso).Entre las principales conclusiones se destaca que ser deportista individual o colectivo influye en la relación entre cualquier perfil de vulnerabilidad y el número de lesiones leves, siendo el número de lesiones leves superior en deportistas colectivos. Por otro lado, puede que los deportistas, en ambas modalidades, que se sitúen en una vulnerabilidad media, posean mayor número de lesiones leves y moderadas, y que los deportistas que se sitúen en una vulnerabilidad alta posean un mayor número de lesiones graves y muy graves

In the competitive sports field is necessary to create a profile of "risk to the injury" useful and effective that allows to elaborate specific intervention programs. The purpose of this study was to relate the number of sports injuries (severity of injury) to the different degrees of vulnerability to injury of athletes (high, medium and low vulnerability), based on the sports modality under the differentiation between opposition or individual sport (federated athletes of athletics, swimming and tennis) and contact sport with opposition and cooperation or collective sport (federated athletes of football, basketball and handball).Total sample of this study was 452 individual and collective athletes (284 men and 168 women). For the evaluation of the psychological variables, Resistant Personality Scale, the SCAT and Competitiveness Scale-10 was used. A cluster analysis was carried out and 3 profiles of vulnerability to injury were obtained, establishing a high vulnerability profile that confirmed the hypothesis (increases the vulnerability to injury to a less resistant personality and motivation oriented to success and greater competitive anxiety and oriented motivation to avoid failure).Among the main conclusions is that being an individual or collective athlete influences the relationship between any profile of vulnerability and the number of minor injuries, the number of minor injuries being higher in collective athletes. On the other hand, athletes, in both modalities, who are in a medium vulnerability, have a greater number of mild and moderate injuries, and athletes who are in a high vulnerability have a greater number of serious injuries and very serious

Menstrual cycle alters training strain, monotony, and technical training length in young.

The menstrual cycle (MC) phases carry to several psychophysiological alterations; however, no study has investigated the impact of MC phases on training load or technical training. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the follicular phase (FP), ovulatory phase (OP), and luteal phase (LP) on training load and technical training in young athletes. Twelve female athletes performed regular daily training sessions with the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and duration being registered every session. Training impulse (TRIMP), monotony and strain were calculated. MC symptoms, RPE, and duration were also measured during technical training, which was carried out on a specific day during each phase. The TRIMP was not affected by MC phases during regular training (p > .05), but training monotony and strain were higher in FP compared to OP (p < .05). During the technical training, MC phases did not affect RPE (p > .05), but the session was longer in both FP and LP, compared to OP (p < .05). MC symptoms were exacerbated in FP compared to both OP and LP (p < .05). These findings suggest that MC disorders were elevated during FP, which indicate that monitoring MC phases might provide important feedbacks for programming training and expected results during competitions.

Repercusiones de las competiciones deportivas escolares en el clima de mejora, la competencia percibida, la motivación intrínseca y el esfuerzo / Effects of school sport competitions on improvement climate, perceived competence, intrinsic motivation and effort / Repercussões de competições esportivas escolares no clima de melhoria, competição percebida, motivação intrínseca e esforço

En el presente estudio se probo por primera vez un modelo construido a partir de las diferencias intraindividuales en la percepción de los estudiantes de Educación Física sobre el Clima de mejora, la Competencia percibida, la Motivación in-trinseca y el Esfuerzo antes y después de una competición deportiva tradicional de atletismo de 1000 metros. La muestra estuvo formada por 743 estudiantes (395 chicos y 348 chicas). El modelo hipotetizado (ΔClima de mejora → ΔCompetencia→ ΔMotivación intrínseca → ΔEsfuerzo) no presento un buen ajuste. El análisis del test de Lagrange mostro que se deberían añadir un camino desde Clima de mejora a Motivación intrínseca y otro desde Competencia percibida a Esfuerzo. En presencia de este último paso la predicción de la Motivación intrínseca sobre el Esfuerzo no fue signicativa. El ajuste del modelo mejoro signicativamente: SB chi2 (576) = 1352.14 p < .001, *CFI = .93, *RMSEA (90% CI) = .043 (.040, .046), SRMR = .07. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y se proponen nuevos estudios

In the present study, for the first time, a predictive model based on the intraindividual differences in physical education students' perceptions of the improvement climate, perceived competence, intrinsic motivation an effort prior and after a 1.000 meters athletics competition was conducted. 743 students (395 boys, 348 girls) agreed to participate. The hypothesized model (ΔImprovement climate → ΔCompetence → ΔIntrinsic Motivation → ΔEffort) did not show a good fit. Lagrange's test showed that a path should be added from improvement climate to motivation, and from perceived competence to effort. In the last step, intrinsic motivation prediction over effort was non-significant. The model fit improved significantly: SBchi2 (576) = 1352.14 p < .001, *CFI = .93, *RMSEA (90% CI) = .043 (.040, .046), SRMR = .07. Finally, results are discussed and future trends are proposed

No presente estudo, foi testado pela primeira vez construida a partir das diferencas intra-individuais na percepcao de alunos do modelo de Educacao Fisica do Clima melhoria, percepcao de competencia, motivacao intrinseca e esforco antes e depois de uma competicao desportiva Atletismo tradicional de 1000 metros. A amostra foi composta por 743 estudantes (395 meninos e 348 meninas). O modelo hipotetico (Taxa de melhoria → Competencia → Motivacao intrinseca → Esforco) nao apresentou um bom ajuste. A analise mostrou que o teste de Lagrange deve ser adicionado um caminho do clima melhora motivacao intrinseca e percebida competencia para outro desde Esforco. Na presenca deste ultimo passo, a predicao da Motivacao intrínseca no Esforco nao foi signi.cativa. Ajuste do modelo significativamente melhorada: SBchi2 (576) = 1352,14 p <0,001, * TPI = 0,93, RMSEA * (IC de 90%) = 043 (040, 046), SRMR = 0,07. Finalmente, os resultados sao discutidos e novos estudos sao propostos

The relationship between emotional intelligence, reaction time, aerobic capacity and performance in female track and field athletes at the Universities of Tehran.

BACKGROUND: In order to be successful in sport, athletes need a high level of physical skills as well as cognitive abilities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this studywas to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence, reaction time, aerobic capacity and performance (recorded time) in female track & field athletes at the Universities of Tehran. METHODS: Data was collected from 100 female athletes participating in sprints.The emotional intelligence in athletes was measured by the Bar-On questionnaire, the reaction time was assessed by the psychomotor vigilance task, and maximal aerobic capacity was predicted by step test. Pearson correlation calculations were conducted to investigate the potential relationships between emotional intelligence total score, reaction time, and estimated VO2max, with recorded time of the students. RESULTS: Average age of female athletes was 20.59 years (±1.55) and mean height of them was 163.63 cm (±6.03).The mean emotional intelligence in athletes was 302.05 (±20.18), the mean reaction time was 431.14 ms (±114.88), and mean maximal aerobic capacity was predicted as 62.82 ml/ kg.min (±0.6). The findings revealed that there is no significant correlation between emotional intelligence and recorded time or athletic performance (p > 0.05).There were significant correlations between some components of emotional intelligence (empathy, interpersonal relations, and independence) and athletes' recorded time. Reaction time and aerobic capacity were significantly correlated with athletes' performance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Increased aerobic capacity and decreased response time (reaction time) resulted in better performance (shorter recorded time) in female student athletes.

Influencia de la música y la compañía sobre la percepción del esfuerzo y el estado de ánimo en corredores amateur / Influence of music and company on perception of effort and mood in amateur runners / Influência da música e da acompanhamento na percepção de esforço e estado de ânimo em corredores amadores

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la influencia de la música y la presencia de compañía sobre el estado de ánimo y la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo en corredores amateur. Para la evaluación de los aspectos psicológicos se utilizó el Cuestionario POMS en su versión reducida de 29 ítems y el Test Borg en su versión CR-10. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 12 participantes adultos (6 hombres y 6 mujeres). Los sujetos realizaron tres pruebas de carrera en cinta: en solitario, con música y acompañado, con una velocidad y tiempo controlados. Cada prueba duró 21 minutos. Se midió el estado de ánimo previo y posterior a la tarea así como la percepción de esfuerzo cada siete minutos y la frecuencia cardíaca cada minuto. Esta información permite utilizar las condiciones de práctica de ejercicio físico para asegurar la calidad durante el ejercicio

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of music and company on mood and rate of perceived exertion in amateur runners. POMS questionnaire in short version (29 items) and Borg test in CR-10 version were employed to measure psychological variables. The sample was composed by 12 participants (6 men and 6 women). Each participant performed three tests: run alone, run with music or run accompanied, with a speed and time controlled. Each test lasted 21 minutes. Mood state was measured before and after each test. The perceived exertion was measured each seven minutes and the heart rate during each minute. Various changes over mood state and rate of perceived exertion were mainly found because of contextual influences (music or company). This information allows the use of practical conditions in order to ensure the efficacy in the exercise and the adherence to the activity program

O objetivo do estudo foi analizar a influência da música e da presença de companhia sobre a percepção subjetiva do e estado de ânimo em corredores amadores. Para a avaliação dos aspecto psicológicos foi utilizado o Questionário POMS na sua versão reduzida de 29 items e o Teste Borg na sua versão CR-10. A amostra esteve composta por 12 participantes adultos (6 homens e 6 mulheres). Os sujeitos realizaram três testes de corrida em fita: sozinhos, com música e acompanhados, com velocidade e tempo controlados. Cada teste durou 21 minutos. O estado de ânimo previo e posterior a tarefa, bem como a percepção do esforço cada sete minutos e a freqüência cardíaca a cada minuto foram medidos. Foram encontradas mudanças que indicaram a influência do contexto (música ou acompanhamento) no estado de ânimo e a percepção subjetiva do esforço. Esta informação permite usar as condições de prática do exercício físico para garantir a eficácia durante o exercício e a adesão ao programa da atividade física

Where science meets practice: Olympic coaches' crafting of the tapering process.

Although there is research providing physiologically-based guidance for the content of the taper, this study was the first to examine how coaches actually implement the taper. The purpose of this study was to examine the taper planning and implementation processes of successful Olympic coaches leading up to major competitions and how they learned about tapering. Seven track and field coaches participated in semi-structured interviews exploring their tapering processes. To be considered for inclusion, coaches were required to have coached one or more athletes to an Olympic or Paralympic medal. Through a process of axial and open coding interview transcripts were analysed and lower and higher order themes developed describing the coaches' tapering processes. Our findings indicate that the strategies employed to achieve the desired physiological adaptions of the taper were consistent with research (e.g., reduction in volume whilst maintaining intensity and frequency). However, our findings also suggest that tapering is far from a straight forward "textbook" process. The taper was not restricted to physiological outcomes with coaches considering athletes' psychological as well as physical state. Coaches also involved the athlete in the process, adapted the taper to the athlete, continually monitored its progress, and adapted it further as required.

Estresse pré-competitivo e experiência esportiva em adolescentes de Petrolina-PE / Pre-competitive stress and sporting experience in adolescents from Petrolina-PE / Estrés precompetitivo y la experiencia deportiva en adolescentes en Petrolina-PE

Este estudo investigou o estresse pré-competitivo e a experiência esportiva de 77 adolescentes participantes de uma competição estudantil de Petrolina-PE. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Lista de Sintomas de Estresse Pré-Competitivo Infanto-Juvenil e o Questionário de Experiência Esportiva de Jovens. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados o teste de Mann-Whitney e a correlação de Spearman. Os resultados evidenciaram que as meninas sentem mais os sintomas de estresse pré-competitivo do que os meninos. Verificou-se que os adolescentes de 13 a 15 anos ficam mais preocupados com a presença dos pais na competição e vivenciam mais situações negativas do que os de 16 e 17 anos. Verificou-se associação linear entre o estresse pré-competitivo e as experiências esportivas. Concluiu-se que no contexto do esporte escolar as meninas e os adolescentes mais jovens sentem mais o estresse provocado pela competição esportiva. Além disso, o esporte parece ser uma experiência mais negativa para adolescentes mais jovens.

This study investigated the pre-competitive stress and sporting experience among 77 adolescents participating in a student competition in Petrolina-PE. The instruments used were the List of Pre-Competitive Stress Symptoms for Children and Youth and the Youth Experience Survey for Sport. Data analysis was conducted through the Mann-Whitney test and the Spearman correlation. The results showed that girls showed higher level of precompetitive stress than boys. It was verified that adolescents aged between 13 to 15 years are more concerned about their parents' presence in the competition and experienced more negative situations than 16 and 17 year olds. A linear association was found between pre-competitive stress and sporting experience. It was concluded that in the context of school sports, girls and younger adolescents feel more stress caused by sports competition. In addition, sport seems to be more of a negative experience for younger teenagers.

Este estudio investigó el estrés precompetitivo y la experiencia deportiva de 77 adolescentes participantes de una competencia estudiantil en Petrolina-PE. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Lista de Síntomas de Estrés Precompetitivo Infanto-Juvenil y el Cuestionario de Experiencia Deportiva de Jóvenes. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el test de Mann-Whitney y la correlación de Spearman. Los resultados evidenciaron que las chicas sienten más los síntomas de estrés precompetitivo que los chicos. Se verificó que los adolescentes de 13 a 15 años se preocupan más con la presencia de los padres en la competición y experimentan más situaciones negativas que los jóvenes de 16 y 17 años. Se comprobó la asociación lineal entre el estrés precompetitivo y las experiencias deportivas. Concluyéndose que en el contexto del deporte escolar las chicas y los chicos más jóvenes sienten más el estrés provocado por la competición deportiva. Además, el deporte parece ser una experiencia más negativa para los adolescentes más jóvenes.

Validation of the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire in Portuguese athletes / Validación de la escala de regulación conductual del deporte en atletas portugueses

The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ), using confirmatory factor analysis, with a total sample formed of 940 athletes (n = 232 female and n = 708 male), from different sports: football (n = 623), basketball (n = 202), athletics (n = 43) and swimming (n = 72), participating in the categories of iniciated, juvenile, junior and senior, with an average of (M = 17.63; SD = 4.32) years. The results support the suitability of the model (6 factors/24 items), showing an adjustment fit to the data for this sample (S-B χ² = 1308; df = 237; p = .001; SRMR = .059; TLI = .895; CFI = .901; RMSEA = .066; 90%IC RMSEA = .066-.070). As for the individual parameters, the items factorial weights present acceptable values, factor loadings between (β = .49-β = .84), and acceptable values of internal reliability, convergent and discriminant validitys. Those findings allow us to conclude that the Portuguese version of the BRSQ can be used with high confidence to evaluate de motivation regulation in the sport context

El principal objeto del estudio fue la traducción y validación del Behavioral Regulation Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ), a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio, realizado con una muestra de 940 atletas (232 femeninos y 708 masculinos), de las modalidades de fútbol (623), baloncesto (202), atletismo (43) y natación (72), de las categorías de iniciados, juveniles, júniores y séniores, con una media de edad de 17,63 (SD 4,32) años. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la versión final del BRSQ (6 factores y 24 ítems) se ajusta a los datos de forma aceptable (S-B chi² = 1308.0; df = 237; p =.001; SRMR = .059; TLI = .895; CFI = .90; RMSEA = .066; 90%IC RMSEA =.066-.070). En relación a los parámetros individuales, los pesos factoriales de los ítems presentan valores aceptables (entre .49 y .84), y también valores aceptables de fiabilidad y validez convergente e discriminante. Estes resultados indican que la versión Portuguesa del BRSQ puede ser utilizada con un alto grado de confianza en la evaluación de la regulación de la motivación en el contexto deportivo